1. Very basic type of change of narration, where three kinds of changes are made;
a. Removal of inverted commas (" ")
b. Change of Persons (that is I to may be he/she, We to They etc.)
c. Change of tense
2. changing the Reported speech (the one inside the commas) of Direct narration into indirect/or indirect narration into direct form is the major area where "rocket science" applies.
The reported speech has Declarative(can be positive or negative), Interrogative, Imperative, or Exclamatory types of sentence and each type has its own cases and rules.
Declarative sentences:
This type of sentences may be affirmative or negative. It is the easiest of all. The only thing to be bothered about is 'change of tense'. I will post all the rules of 'change of tense' tomorrow. Right now, let's bring out the declarative sentences from past papers and let's solve them out.
I will start with 2010's declarative sentences; notice the change made in tense.
1) On Monday he said, "My son is coming today."
He said on Monday that his son was coming that day. ('today' is always changed to 'that day', if the reported speech is in past tense)
4) 'By God', he said, "I do not know her nickname."
He swore by God that he did not know her nickname.
(One thing is clear here that it is always SWEAR BY GOD, never upon God or other ways around, Hence never be confused about this anymore in Correction of Sentences part)
5) He says that we are to meet him at the station. (this is indirect narration, let's change it to direct)
He says to us, "You have to meet me at the station."
to us (to us is used because 'we' are to meet him )
Change in person: 'him' is changed to 'me', because he is asking us to meet 'him' at the station. yahan pe yeh bat aham hai k zaruri nahi hum isko me main change krain because ho sakta hai koi or person ho jo hamain kisi or se milne ka kah raha hai, is case main 'him' will not be changed.)
6) He said, "I don't know the way. Ask the old man sitting on the gate."
He said that he didn't know the way and asked me to ask the old man sitting on the gate.
'and' is used to separate because the two sentences in the reported speech.'me' is assumed that he was talking to me.
7) My father prayed that I would recover from my illness.
My father said to me, "May you recover." (Full stop always comes before closing inverted commas)
a. Removal of inverted commas (" ")
b. Change of Persons (that is I to may be he/she, We to They etc.)
c. Change of tense
2. changing the Reported speech (the one inside the commas) of Direct narration into indirect/or indirect narration into direct form is the major area where "rocket science" applies.
The reported speech has Declarative(can be positive or negative), Interrogative, Imperative, or Exclamatory types of sentence and each type has its own cases and rules.
Declarative sentences:
This type of sentences may be affirmative or negative. It is the easiest of all. The only thing to be bothered about is 'change of tense'. I will post all the rules of 'change of tense' tomorrow. Right now, let's bring out the declarative sentences from past papers and let's solve them out.
I will start with 2010's declarative sentences; notice the change made in tense.
1) On Monday he said, "My son is coming today."
He said on Monday that his son was coming that day. ('today' is always changed to 'that day', if the reported speech is in past tense)
4) 'By God', he said, "I do not know her nickname."
He swore by God that he did not know her nickname.
(One thing is clear here that it is always SWEAR BY GOD, never upon God or other ways around, Hence never be confused about this anymore in Correction of Sentences part)
5) He says that we are to meet him at the station. (this is indirect narration, let's change it to direct)
He says to us, "You have to meet me at the station."
to us (to us is used because 'we' are to meet him )
Change in person: 'him' is changed to 'me', because he is asking us to meet 'him' at the station. yahan pe yeh bat aham hai k zaruri nahi hum isko me main change krain because ho sakta hai koi or person ho jo hamain kisi or se milne ka kah raha hai, is case main 'him' will not be changed.)
6) He said, "I don't know the way. Ask the old man sitting on the gate."
He said that he didn't know the way and asked me to ask the old man sitting on the gate.
'and' is used to separate because the two sentences in the reported speech.'me' is assumed that he was talking to me.
7) My father prayed that I would recover from my illness.
My father said to me, "May you recover." (Full stop always comes before closing inverted commas)
2009
(i) He said to him, “why do you waste your time?”
He asked him why he wasted his time.
(ii) He ordered his servant not to stand there doing nothing.
He said to his servant, " Do not stand here doing nothing."
(iii) He exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.
He said, "Bravo! I have won the match".
(iv) The traveler said, “What a dark night?”
The traveller exclaimed with wonder that it was a very dark night.
(i) He said to him, “why do you waste your time?”
He asked him why he wasted his time.
(ii) He ordered his servant not to stand there doing nothing.
He said to his servant, " Do not stand here doing nothing."
(iii) He exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.
He said, "Bravo! I have won the match".
(iv) The traveler said, “What a dark night?”
The traveller exclaimed with wonder that it was a very dark night.
He said that he would start that day even if it rained hard.
(vi) My mother said, “May you live happily and prosper in your life.”
My mother prayed that I might live happily and prosper in my life.
(vii) He said, “How foolish have I been?”
He exclaimed with regret that he had been very foolish.
| 1 He said, "let it rain ever so hard I shall go out." |
2008
i. He said to his friend, “Let me go home now”
He asked his friend to let him go home then.
ii. I will say “Mother, I will always obey you.”
I will say to mother that I will always obey her.
iii.“Splendid”: said father as he read my report,
Father applauded me as he read my report.
iv. He said, “Good morning, can you help me.”
He wished him good morning and asked whether he could help him.
v. She said “Brother, why do you tease me”
She asked her brother why he teased her.
vi. The King said to the Queen, “If I die, take care of my people”
The king requested the queen to take care of his people if he died.
vii. “By God”, he said” I do not know his name.”
He swore by God that he did not know his name
viii. You exclaimed with sorrow that you lost your pen.
Viii) You said, "Alas! I lose my pen."
i. He said to his friend, “Let me go home now”
He asked his friend to let him go home then.
ii. I will say “Mother, I will always obey you.”
I will say to mother that I will always obey her.
iii.“Splendid”: said father as he read my report,
Father applauded me as he read my report.
iv. He said, “Good morning, can you help me.”
He wished him good morning and asked whether he could help him.
v. She said “Brother, why do you tease me”
She asked her brother why he teased her.
vi. The King said to the Queen, “If I die, take care of my people”
The king requested the queen to take care of his people if he died.
vii. “By God”, he said” I do not know his name.”
He swore by God that he did not know his name
viii. You exclaimed with sorrow that you lost your pen.
Viii) You said, "Alas! I lose my pen."
1 "please sir,take pity on a poor begger woman"the wretched old woman asked for alms.
The wretched old woman asked for alms by entreating to take pity on her.
2 They say,"is it right time to arrive?aren't you forgotten something"
They ask if it is the right time to arrive and if they are not forgetting something.
2 They say,"is it right time to arrive?aren't you forgotten something"
They ask if it is the right time to arrive and if they are not forgetting something.
He ordered them to sit down over there and not to move untill he allowed them.
2007
2007
1) “this world, “he decleared” is full of sorrow. Would that I were dead!”
He exclaimed that the world was full of sorrow and wished himself to be dead.
2) he said to me, “come early; we shall be waiting for you.”
He asked me to come early as they would be waiting for me.
3) “how delighted I am, “said he, “to meet my friends here by my own fireside!”
He exclaimed with joy to meet his friends there by his own fireside.
4) the man said that he was quite sure he should succeed.
The man said, " I am quite sure I shall succeed.
5) John exclaimed with a sigh that he was ruined.
"Aaah! I am ruined", said John.
6) The constable enquired of the man where he was going
The constable said to the man, "Where are you going?"
7) The boy said that he would walk.
The boy said,''i shall walk.''
8) “what losses, “cried he, “have I suffered? What anguish have I endured!”
He exclaimed with grief that he had suffered great losses and had endured great anguish.
2006
(1) He said, “let it rain ever so hard I shall go out”.
He decided that he would go out even if it rained hard.
(2) The mother said to the young girl, “Do you know where salim is”?
The mother asked the young girl whether she knew where Salim was.
(3) The officer said, “Hand it all! Can you not do it more neatly”.
The officer shouted angrily and asked whether they could not do it more neatly.
(4) Invoking our help with a loud voice she asked us whether we would come to her aid.
She shouted to us loudly, "Will you come to my help?"
(5) He exclaimed with an oath that no one could have expected such a turn of events.
He said, " I swear no one can have expected such a turn of events!"
(6) The teacher said to his students, “Why did you come so late”?
The teacher asked his students why they had come so late.
(7) They applauded him saying that he had done well.
They said to him, "Well done!" / They said to him, " You have done well".
(8) “You say,” said the judge, “the bag you lost contained one hundred and ten pounds”?
The judge inquired him if he stated that the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten pounds.
2005
He exclaimed that the world was full of sorrow and wished himself to be dead.
2) he said to me, “come early; we shall be waiting for you.”
He asked me to come early as they would be waiting for me.
3) “how delighted I am, “said he, “to meet my friends here by my own fireside!”
He exclaimed with joy to meet his friends there by his own fireside.
4) the man said that he was quite sure he should succeed.
The man said, " I am quite sure I shall succeed.
5) John exclaimed with a sigh that he was ruined.
"Aaah! I am ruined", said John.
6) The constable enquired of the man where he was going
The constable said to the man, "Where are you going?"
7) The boy said that he would walk.
The boy said,''i shall walk.''
8) “what losses, “cried he, “have I suffered? What anguish have I endured!”
He exclaimed with grief that he had suffered great losses and had endured great anguish.
2006
(1) He said, “let it rain ever so hard I shall go out”.
He decided that he would go out even if it rained hard.
(2) The mother said to the young girl, “Do you know where salim is”?
The mother asked the young girl whether she knew where Salim was.
(3) The officer said, “Hand it all! Can you not do it more neatly”.
The officer shouted angrily and asked whether they could not do it more neatly.
(4) Invoking our help with a loud voice she asked us whether we would come to her aid.
She shouted to us loudly, "Will you come to my help?"
(5) He exclaimed with an oath that no one could have expected such a turn of events.
He said, " I swear no one can have expected such a turn of events!"
(6) The teacher said to his students, “Why did you come so late”?
The teacher asked his students why they had come so late.
(7) They applauded him saying that he had done well.
They said to him, "Well done!" / They said to him, " You have done well".
(8) “You say,” said the judge, “the bag you lost contained one hundred and ten pounds”?
The judge inquired him if he stated that the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten pounds.
2005
1). Our sociology professor said , ‘I expect you to be in class every day. Unexcused absences may affect your grades.’
Our sociology professor told us that he expected us to be in class everyday. He warned us that unexcused absences might affect our grades.
2). My father often told me , ‘every obstacle is a steppingstone to success. You should view problems in your life as opportunities to prove yourself.’
My father often advised me that every obstacle is a steppingstone to success. He said that I should view problems in my life as opportunities to prove myself.
3). When tom asked Jack why he could’nt go to the game, Jack said he didn’t have enough money for a ticket.
Tom said to Jack, "Why can't you go to the game?" Jack replied, "I don't have enough money for a ticket".
4). When I asked the ticked seller if the concert was going to be rescheduled, she told me that she didn’t know and said that she just worked there.
I asked the ticket seller, "Is the concert going to be rescheduled?"
She said, "I don't know. I just work here".
5). Ali said, ‘I must go to Lahore next week to visit my ailing mother.’
Ali said that he must go to Lahore to next week to visit her ailing mother.
6). The policeman told the pedestrian, ‘you mustn’t cross the road against the red light’
The policeman told the pedestrian that he must not cross the road against the red light.
7). Ahmed asked if what I said was really true.
Ahmed said to me, "What you say is really true??"
8). Sarah wanted to know where they would be tomorrow around three O’clock
Sarah said, " Where will we be tomorrow around 3 o'clock?"
Our sociology professor told us that he expected us to be in class everyday. He warned us that unexcused absences might affect our grades.
2). My father often told me , ‘every obstacle is a steppingstone to success. You should view problems in your life as opportunities to prove yourself.’
My father often advised me that every obstacle is a steppingstone to success. He said that I should view problems in my life as opportunities to prove myself.
3). When tom asked Jack why he could’nt go to the game, Jack said he didn’t have enough money for a ticket.
Tom said to Jack, "Why can't you go to the game?" Jack replied, "I don't have enough money for a ticket".
4). When I asked the ticked seller if the concert was going to be rescheduled, she told me that she didn’t know and said that she just worked there.
I asked the ticket seller, "Is the concert going to be rescheduled?"
She said, "I don't know. I just work here".
5). Ali said, ‘I must go to Lahore next week to visit my ailing mother.’
Ali said that he must go to Lahore to next week to visit her ailing mother.
6). The policeman told the pedestrian, ‘you mustn’t cross the road against the red light’
The policeman told the pedestrian that he must not cross the road against the red light.
7). Ahmed asked if what I said was really true.
Ahmed said to me, "What you say is really true??"
8). Sarah wanted to know where they would be tomorrow around three O’clock
Sarah said, " Where will we be tomorrow around 3 o'clock?"
2003
(1) "This is your house, isn't it?" asked Jcmmic.
Jimmic asked whether or not that was his house.
(2) "Where do you want to be dropped?" said the taxi driver.
The taxi driver asked where he wanted to be dropped.
(3) "Call (he first witness," said the judge.
The judge ordered to call the first witness.
(4) "Don't blame him for the accident," the boy's mother said.
The boy's mother asked not to blame him for the accident.
(5) He said, "I banged on Cliffs door but he did not answer".
He said that he had banged on Cliff's door but he did not answer.
(6) "Where is the boat? Hurry up we are being chased", she cried.
She asked where the boat was and prompted them to hurry as they were being chased.
(7) "I have lost my way. Can you direct me to the Post Office please?" said the old lady.
The old lady said that she had lost her way and requested him to direct her to the Post Office.
(8) He said to me, "what a pity you missed such an important meeting.
He showed his pity for me to miss such an important meeting.
(9) "How wonderful! Why didn't you suggest this plan earlier".
He exclaimed with joyfully why I had not suggested that plan earlier.
(10) He said, "Let's wait till the road gets cleared".
He suggested us to wait till the road got cleared.
2002:
1. "Hurrah''! Said the captain of the team, "we won the match".
The captain of the team exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
2. "Please Sir, take pity on a poor beggar woman'', the wretched old woman asked for alms
The wretched old woman asked for alms by entreating to take pity on her.
3. They say. "Is this the right time to arrive9 Aren't you forgetting something"?
The say whether this is the right time to arrive and if we are not forgetting something.
4. He often says, "I am always willing to help the needy, if I am assured they arc really in need''.
He often says that he is always willing to help the needy if he is assured they area really in need.
5. The master said, "How long will you take in warming my food?"
The master asked how long would he take in warming his food.
6 The boy said. "Alas' I could not pass my examination"
The boy exclaimed with grief that he could not pass his examination.
7. "Come hare quickly and work out this problem on the blackboard" said the teacher.
The teacher asked her to go there quickly and work out that problem on the board.
8. "What a lovely evening!" Said Irum.
Irum exclaimed that the evening was lovely.OR Irum exclaimed with delight that it was a lovely evening.
9. "What is the name of this beautiful building?" asked the visitor.
The visitor asked what the name of that beautiful building was.
10. He said "Sit down over here and don't move until I
allow you".
He ordered him to sit down and not to move until he allowed him.
(1) "This is your house, isn't it?" asked Jcmmic.
Jimmic asked whether or not that was his house.
(2) "Where do you want to be dropped?" said the taxi driver.
The taxi driver asked where he wanted to be dropped.
(3) "Call (he first witness," said the judge.
The judge ordered to call the first witness.
(4) "Don't blame him for the accident," the boy's mother said.
The boy's mother asked not to blame him for the accident.
(5) He said, "I banged on Cliffs door but he did not answer".
He said that he had banged on Cliff's door but he did not answer.
(6) "Where is the boat? Hurry up we are being chased", she cried.
She asked where the boat was and prompted them to hurry as they were being chased.
(7) "I have lost my way. Can you direct me to the Post Office please?" said the old lady.
The old lady said that she had lost her way and requested him to direct her to the Post Office.
(8) He said to me, "what a pity you missed such an important meeting.
He showed his pity for me to miss such an important meeting.
(9) "How wonderful! Why didn't you suggest this plan earlier".
He exclaimed with joyfully why I had not suggested that plan earlier.
(10) He said, "Let's wait till the road gets cleared".
He suggested us to wait till the road got cleared.
2002:
1. "Hurrah''! Said the captain of the team, "we won the match".
The captain of the team exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
2. "Please Sir, take pity on a poor beggar woman'', the wretched old woman asked for alms
The wretched old woman asked for alms by entreating to take pity on her.
3. They say. "Is this the right time to arrive9 Aren't you forgetting something"?
The say whether this is the right time to arrive and if we are not forgetting something.
4. He often says, "I am always willing to help the needy, if I am assured they arc really in need''.
He often says that he is always willing to help the needy if he is assured they area really in need.
5. The master said, "How long will you take in warming my food?"
The master asked how long would he take in warming his food.
6 The boy said. "Alas' I could not pass my examination"
The boy exclaimed with grief that he could not pass his examination.
7. "Come hare quickly and work out this problem on the blackboard" said the teacher.
The teacher asked her to go there quickly and work out that problem on the board.
8. "What a lovely evening!" Said Irum.
Irum exclaimed that the evening was lovely.OR Irum exclaimed with delight that it was a lovely evening.
9. "What is the name of this beautiful building?" asked the visitor.
The visitor asked what the name of that beautiful building was.
10. He said "Sit down over here and don't move until I
allow you".
He ordered him to sit down and not to move until he allowed him.
