Dairy industry in Pakistan
With the every passing day, dairy products are becoming costlier because live stock farming has not scientifically grown with the increase in population and also it did not match with the pace of urbanisation.
Recently, milk prices in Karachi increased without any reason. In a short time of two years, milk prices have gone up from Rs 20 per liter to Rs 25, showing a 25 percent increase. Moreover, meat prices have also risen to about 25 percent in the last six months.
In such a situation, the only way to control prices is to develop the dairy industry on scientific lines, which will not only provide meat and milk in abundant quantities to the domestic consumers but extra quantities can also be exported.
In spite of having a large population of LIVESTOCK, the country is spending some $40 million annually on the import of formula milk only, which is the highest amount spent by any country in the world on this particular commodity.
Currently, there are some 160 varieties of infant formula milk available in the markets. While breast milk is the best a mother can give her infant in terms of a balanced and healthy diet.
LIVESTOCK is an important sector of agriculture in Pakistan. It accounts for 39 percent of agricultural value added and about 9.4 percent of the GDP. Its net foreign exchange earnings, in 2001-02, were Its 51.5 billion, which was 12.3 percent of the overall export earnings of the country.
The role of LIVESTOCK can be judged from the fact that about 35 million people are engaged in raising 2 to 3 cattle/buffaloes and 5 to 6 sheeps/goats in their backyards and are deriving 20 to 25 percent income from it.
The LIVESTOCK, include cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, horses, asses and mules. During the last five years, the combined population of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat increased from 113 million, 1998-99, to 125 million, 2002-03, depicting a total increase
of 12 million or 24 lac heads per annum.
In the year 2002-03, the domestic live stock population was estimated at 23.3 million cattle, 24.8 million buffalo, 24.6 million sheep and 52.8 million goats. During 1998-03, maximum increase was in the population of goats, showing an increase of 70 lac heads or 14 lac heads per annum.
During this period, production of beef increased from 963 to 1060 thousand tons and mutton from 633 to702 thousand tonnes.
This shows that the total increase in beef production was 97,000 tonnes or 15.4 thousand tonnes p.a., and mutton 69,000 tonnes or 14,000 tonnes.TABLE - 1:
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Production of LIVESTOCK Products
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Product 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Milk 24,877 25,566 26,284 27,031 27,811
Beef 963 986 1010 1034 1060
Mutton 633 649 666 683 702
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The per capita availability of milk was 150 litre and meat 19kg per annum in 2000-01, which comes to 0.41 litre milk per day and 5.2 grams meat per day.
To meet the domestic demand of milk and meat, the rate of growth must be at least 5 to 7 percent per annum.With the every passing day, dairy products are becoming costlier because live stock farming has not scientifically grown with the increase in population and also it did not match with the pace of urbanisation.
Recently, milk prices in Karachi increased without any reason. In a short time of two years, milk prices have gone up from Rs 20 per liter to Rs 25, showing a 25 percent increase. Moreover, meat prices have also risen to about 25 percent in the last six months.In such a situation, the only way to control prices is to develop the dairy industry on scientific lines, which will not only provide meat and milk in abundant quantities to the domestic consumers but extra quantities can also be exported.
In spite of having a large population of LIVESTOCK, the country is spending some $40 million annually on the import of formula milk only, which is the highest amount spent by any country in the world on this particular commodity.
Currently, there are some 160 varieties of infant formula milk available in the markets. While breast milk is the best a mother can give her infant in terms of a balanced and healthy diet.
LIVESTOCK is an important sector of agriculture in Pakistan. It accounts for 39 percent of agricultural value added and about 9.4 percent of the GDP. Its net foreign exchange earnings, in 2001-02, were Its 51.5 billion, which was 12.3 percent of the overall export earnings of the country.
The role of LIVESTOCK can be judged from the fact that about 35 million people are engaged in raising 2 to 3 cattle/buffaloes and 5 to 6 sheeps/goats in their backyards and are deriving 20 to 25 percent income from it.The LIVESTOCK, include cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, horses, asses and mules. During the last five years, the combined population of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat increased from 113 million, 1998-99, to 125 million, 2002-03, depicting a total increase
of 12 million or 24 lac heads per annum.
In the year 2002-03, the domestic live stock population was estimated at 23.3 million cattle, 24.8 million buffalo, 24.6 million sheep and 52.8 million goats. During 1998-03, maximum increase was in the population of goats, showing an increase of 70 lac heads or 14 lac heads per annum.
During this period, production of beef increased from 963 to 1060 thousand tons and mutton from 633 to702 thousand tonnes.
This shows that the total increase in beef production was 97,000 tonnes or 15.4 thousand tonnes p.a., and mutton 69,000 tonnes or 14,000 tonnes.TABLE - 1:
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Production of LIVESTOCK Products
--------------------------------------------------------------
Product 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Milk 24,877 25,566 26,284 27,031 27,811
Beef 963 986 1010 1034 1060
Mutton 633 649 666 683 702
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The per capita availability of milk was 150 litre and meat 19kg per annum in 2000-01, which comes to 0.41 litre milk per day and 5.2 grams meat per day.
Despite an increase in milk and meat production, the prices have moved upward abnormally.
The recent increase in meat prices is attributed to the export of live animals or meat to the Middle East and Afghanistan.
There was a time when animals used to be imported or smuggled from Afghanistan into Pakistan but after 9/11 the situation suddenly took a 'U' turn. In Afghanistan, the war has seriously affected the LIVESTOCK sector.
Thus Pakistan started exporting instead of importing LIVESTOCK from Afghanistan.
According to official figures during July-August, 2002, animals worth Rs 30 million made their way to Afghanistan. Besides, the smuggling of LIVESTOCK from Pakistan to Afghanistan has also started in a big way to meet their domestic shortage of animals.
The country, though rich in LIVESTOCK, rarely got a chance to export meat or meat products to earn foreign exchange. It was offered an opportunity when various Middle East states stopped importing meat from European countries due to the incidence of the mad cow disease.
Meat export from Lahore started in the beginning of the year 2000 when carcasses of goats and large animals were airlifted.
The meat was processed under a special arrangement between the exporters and the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore, which runs four abattoirs in the city.
The exports of LIVESTOCK - cow, buffalo, sheep and goat - are finding their way to the Gulf States, Iran and Afghanistan where there is a shortage of good quality meat and, therefore, it commands a high price.
Traditionally, Europe was the biggest exporter of meat and meat by-products and LIVESTOCK and had been a major source of foreign exchange for several European countries.
Technically, meat from South Asia has a superior quality, due to grazing and vegetable concentrates as the main source of LIVESTOCK feed here, against bone and meat meal in Europe.
According to official figures, the export of LIVESTOCK, during 2001-02, registered an abnormal growth of 51 percent to a value of Rs 221 million as compared to 2000-01, when exports of meat stood at Rs 146 million.
The estimated export of these four categories of LIVESTOCK is estimated to be more than Rs 275 million during the fiscal year of 2002-03.
A rising trend in LIVESTOCK export was also sustained during the first two months of current fiscal year as exports of animals worth Rs 43 million were reported to have been achieved.
There is a greater possibility that this trend would go unbridled if the government does not take corrective measures to ensure a steady supply of animals in the domestic market.
As a result of this, the value-added leather industry, including leather garment manufacturers who mostly use raw hides and skins obtained from cows, buffaloes, sheeps and goats are faced with a shortage of raw material.
Therefore, the Pakistan Leather Garments Manufacturers & Exporters Association (PLGMEA) chairman Fawad Ijaz and the Pakistan Tanners Association chairman S.M Naseem has urged the government to immediately impose a ban on export of LIVESTOCK.
If Pakistan wants to continue meat and live animal export, besides meeting domestic demand, modern meat processing plants and LIVESTOCK farms should be set up all over the country.Here we are giving some details of new to set up a unit to raise 50 animals on commercial basis, for more details Smeda can be contacted.
DAIRY FARM OF 50 ANIMALS PROJECT BRIEF:
Dairy farming is an agro-based activity, buffaloes and cows can be raised for milk production in an organised manner for commercial purpose.
For this project, animals can be purchased from the animal markets or breeders in Sahiwal, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad.
More than 70 percent farmers hold less than 5 acres of land. Dairy farming may prove a profitable business for small landholders.
They can also grow fodder on their land to feed dairy animals, without disturbing the main crop.
Dairy farming is one of the best projects if professionally done on small land holdings. The return of the land used for feeding animals is higher as compared to land used for traditional cropping.
The economical size of the herd is 50 animals, which will grow into 180 animals within a few years. Cows are also proposed in the herd, as they are high yields and efficient converters of feed into milk.
This herd would consist of 75 percent buffaloes and 25 percent cows. A cow, on average, yields 14 litres milk a day over a lactation period of 305 days whereas the buffalo, on an average, yields 10 litres a day over a lactation period of 280 days.
The lactation period is the period during which the animals provide milk. These animals are called wet animals. Generally the lactation days of cows are 305 days and that of buffaloes is 280 days.For calculation, 77 percent of the total number of cows has been taken as wet cows and 67 percent of the total number of buffaloes as wet buffaloes.
The calving interval in a buffalo is about 18 to 20 months, while a cow has 15 to 16 months.
On an average, cows are productive for 7 to 8 years, while buffaloes are productive for 8 to 9 years. Male calves will be sold at the end of year or can also be reared separately for beef production.
Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world. Milk production is 28 million tonnes from 125 million heads. Milk is used for drinking, tea, desi ghee, yogurt and butter making.
Milk is also used to make Khoya and different types of sweets. Milk processing companies use milk as a raw material to formulate different types of milk ie pasteurised milk, UHT milk, condensed milk, skimmed milk, milk powder, etc Different value added products like yogurt, ice cream, butter and cheese are also produced from the raw milk.
The daily consumption of milk in Lahore is 2 to 3 million litres and that of Karachi is 4 million litres.The demand for processed milk has increased its share in quality conscious consumers. During the last two decades, processed milk has achieved 4 percent share in the milk market of Lahore, which is growing to about 4.5 percent per annum. Therefore, metropolitan cities are the major markets for the sale of milk.
The capital cost will be budgeted for 4 years; therefore the initial infrastructure cost has been calculated on the basis of a 4th year infrastructure requirement.
The total cost of the project is estimated, by Smeda, to be about Rs 2.94 million, out of which the capital cost of the project is Rs 2.67 million. Total infrastructure cost of 13 thousand sq ft would be about Rs 842,388.
Besides hiring a tractor for fodder sowing, only a few simple farm equipment's like a fodder chopper, water pumps, milk utensils will be purchased.
With the green fodder, to increase animal productivity, the ration feed will be given, which includes cotton seed cakes, corn gluten, wheat bran, molasses, and choker. About 1 kg of concentrate is required for the production of 3 litres of milk.
There is no fixed fodder requirement for the animals but a rule of thumb says that an animal needs daily fodder equal to 9 to 10 percent of its body weight. According to estimates, buffalo consumes 40-55 kg fodder daily while cow consumes about 30-40 kg. For a high yield the animals would be fed on a high protein diet concentrate.
For this dairy project, manpower requirement is 7 for performing different activities like feeding, milking, etc, which may cost about Rs 240,000.
Animals are prone to some sort of disease, at any stage of their life. Disease like foot and mouth, diarrhea and digestive disorders are very common in animals, which affect the productivity of the LIVESTOCK.
Only proper vaccination can keep the animals healthy. Healthy and high yielding milk animals are the key to the success of a farm.
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN PAKISTAN
by Dr. M. Afzal
Director General
Published in "The News" Rawalpindi / Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi on September 18, 2006
by Dr. M. Afzal
Director General
Published in "The News" Rawalpindi / Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi on September 18, 2006
Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of economy and is currently contributing 23.1 per cent to the gross domestic product (GDP). Livestock is the most important sub-sector of agriculture with national GDP contribution of 10.8 per cent and 46.8 per cent to the agriculture value added. Livestock also contributes significantly towards national exports and 8.5 - 9.0 per cent of total exports belong to this sector. This sector provides raw material for the industry and livestock creates market and capital. It serves as a social security for the rural poor as they can cash it at the time of their need. Livestock also provides security against crop failure particularly in Barani areas.
Livestock sector
The national herd consists of 24.2 million cattle, 26.3 million buffaloes, 24.9 million sheep, 56.7 million goats and 0.8 million camel. In addition to these there is a vibrant poultry sector in the country with more than 530 million birds produced annually. These animals produce 29.472 million tons of milk, making Pakistan 5th largest producer of milk in the world, 1.115 million tons of beef, 0.740 million tons of mutton, 0.416 million tons of poultry meat, 8.528 billion eggs, 40.2 thousand tons of wool, 21.5 thousand tons of hair and 51.2 million skins and hides. The distribution of livestock is not even among different provinces (table 1). Buffaloes are main dairy animal and are mainly raised in Punjab (60.8 per cent) and Sindh (31.8 per cent). Buffaloes are now making inroads in other provinces, Azad Jammu & Kashmir and even Northern Areas. Cattle have traditionally been raised for draught and are distributed in approximately according to areas in different provinces except Balochistan where only 6.4 per cent cattle are present. Balochistan harbours majority of sheep as this province alone has 44.2 per cent of the sheep population of the country.
Livestock sector
The national herd consists of 24.2 million cattle, 26.3 million buffaloes, 24.9 million sheep, 56.7 million goats and 0.8 million camel. In addition to these there is a vibrant poultry sector in the country with more than 530 million birds produced annually. These animals produce 29.472 million tons of milk, making Pakistan 5th largest producer of milk in the world, 1.115 million tons of beef, 0.740 million tons of mutton, 0.416 million tons of poultry meat, 8.528 billion eggs, 40.2 thousand tons of wool, 21.5 thousand tons of hair and 51.2 million skins and hides. The distribution of livestock is not even among different provinces (table 1). Buffaloes are main dairy animal and are mainly raised in Punjab (60.8 per cent) and Sindh (31.8 per cent). Buffaloes are now making inroads in other provinces, Azad Jammu & Kashmir and even Northern Areas. Cattle have traditionally been raised for draught and are distributed in approximately according to areas in different provinces except Balochistan where only 6.4 per cent cattle are present. Balochistan harbours majority of sheep as this province alone has 44.2 per cent of the sheep population of the country.
Table-1: Distribution of livestock in different provinces of Pakistan
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Source: Economic Survey (2004-05)
Investment opportunities
A number of favourable factors favour investment in livestock sector. The demands are increasing for livestock products due to urbanisation and economic development. The current growth rate for milk is 2.9 per cent and for meat 3.2 per cent. The growth rate is expected at 3.2 and 4.3 per cent for milk and meat respectively in next five years with modest public sector investment. The demand for milk and meat is projected at least at a growth rate of 5.0 per cent for milk and 6.5 per cent for meat.
A number of favourable factors favour investment in livestock sector. The demands are increasing for livestock products due to urbanisation and economic development. The current growth rate for milk is 2.9 per cent and for meat 3.2 per cent. The growth rate is expected at 3.2 and 4.3 per cent for milk and meat respectively in next five years with modest public sector investment. The demand for milk and meat is projected at least at a growth rate of 5.0 per cent for milk and 6.5 per cent for meat.
Profitability
Private sector investment is driven by profit motive. An important factor for profit is lower cost of production. The cost of production for livestock products is generally low in the country. For milk production cost, Pakistan is ranked among the countries with lowest cost of production in the world. The cost of labour is also low as compared to all the developed and many developing countries.
Private sector investment is driven by profit motive. An important factor for profit is lower cost of production. The cost of production for livestock products is generally low in the country. For milk production cost, Pakistan is ranked among the countries with lowest cost of production in the world. The cost of labour is also low as compared to all the developed and many developing countries.
Export markets
Pakistan is geographically located close to the Middle East and South-East Asia. Both of these regions are deficient in livestock products and depend upon import from other countries. The livestock industry in most of the developed world is highly subsidised. With reduction of subsidies in the wake of WTO, the local livestock sector should have better opportunities to compete.
Pakistan is geographically located close to the Middle East and South-East Asia. Both of these regions are deficient in livestock products and depend upon import from other countries. The livestock industry in most of the developed world is highly subsidised. With reduction of subsidies in the wake of WTO, the local livestock sector should have better opportunities to compete.
Government initiatives
The government has taken a large number of initiatives for the development of livestock sector in the country. The important initiatives in this regard are:
(1) Approximately 11-15 per cent of credit given to agriculture is used for livestock activities. Collateral issue has been major impediment in availability of credit for the land-less and small farmers. Some banks are bringing new products for these clients and government is building capacity of 5 banks for lending to horticulture and livestock under a project on agribusiness development and diversification project.
(2) Two government-guaranteed private sector companies have been made for increasing facilitation of development of livestock sector. These are Livestock and Dairy Development Board and Pakistan Dairy Development Company.
(3) Important public sector development projects in this regard include strengthening of livestock services (EU-PAK funded Rs1.92 billion), Prime Minister's Livestock Initiative (Rs1.7 billion for working with rural support programmes), Pakistan Dairy Development Company (Rs347 million for model dairy farms, milk marketing and research), milk collection/processing and improvement programme (Rs1.97 billion) and meat development programme (Rs1.8 billion).
(4) Artificial insemination in public sector for the last 30 years has resulted in only 10 per cent coverage of breedable animals. With acute shortage of bulls for natural breeding, the scope of artificial insemination is going to increase. This clearly shows that artificial insemination service in private sector has great scope.
(5) Specialised dairy farms in rural set-ups offer much better profitability as the fodder availability is adequate and crop by-products are cheaper and easily available. Thus setting dairy farms of at least medium size offers good investment opportunity.
(6) Currently most of bacterial vaccines are being produced in both public and private sectors. However, viral vaccines like sheep and goat pox vaccines for livestock diseases are only produced in the public sector.
(7) Seed production and sale of high yielding multi-cut fodder varieties: Availability of good quality seed of fodder crop particularly high-yielding multi-cut varieties is a major problem. In fact there are two lean seasons for fodder in the country. Fodder varieties, which ensure round the year fodder availability, are in high demand. These varieties may initially be imported but later on local seed production of such fodder varieties makes a good investment sense.
(8) Pakistan has well-developed poultry feed industry. However, the cattle feed industry is now emerging. Although there are now about 22 cattle feed production units in the country, these still cater for less than 5 per cent of the required concentrate needs.
(9) Dairy industry is mainly dependent on production of UHT milk. While the market for UHT milk is expected to expand, there is need to diversify the products.
(10) The only way to meet the demand of mutton and beef in the country locally is conversion to feed lot fattening. Previously the price of meat was low and fattening did not result in improved profit.
(11) The future growth of the poultry industry will depend upon vertical integration of different components. At broiler and layer level, the integrated poultry production units will need to go into contract farming.
(12) With improved education and income of the people, the demand for hygienically slaughtered poultry is expected to improve. With increased refrigeration facilities at the retail outlets, the storage of chilled and frozen poultry products is becoming easier. The trend of processed poultry products (chilled/frozen poultry, various cuts of meat, etc) is increasing and there are already 2 processing units of poultry. Keeping in the view the recent trend, the investment in processing units of poultry make a good investment sense.
(13) With a very large livestock population and progressing poultry industry, the demand for veterinary pharmaceuticals is very much there. In fact the total veterinary pharmaceutical market in the country exceeds 500 million rupees annually. Import bill per annum exceeds 200 million rupees.
(14) Business advisory services for livestock are completely lacking in the country. In fact this is one of the major reasons for investors shying away from this sector. Setting up livestock business advisory service centres will be a good investment for professionals.
(15) Milk is traditionally collected by "Gowallas" in the villages and brought to the collection centres of dairy plants, establishment of milk collection centres in the milk pockets with chillers offer a good investment as the quality and quantity of milk procured will be improved.
All said, Pakistan is the 5th largest producer of milk in the world. However, only 2.5 to 3.0 per cent of this milk is being processed. The obstacles in this regard are the collection of good quality milk as well as storage and delivery.
If attention is paid to this sector and effort is made, the country will hopefully be able to tap into the export potential of this commodity and go a long way in improving rural poverty.
The government has taken a large number of initiatives for the development of livestock sector in the country. The important initiatives in this regard are:
(1) Approximately 11-15 per cent of credit given to agriculture is used for livestock activities. Collateral issue has been major impediment in availability of credit for the land-less and small farmers. Some banks are bringing new products for these clients and government is building capacity of 5 banks for lending to horticulture and livestock under a project on agribusiness development and diversification project.
(2) Two government-guaranteed private sector companies have been made for increasing facilitation of development of livestock sector. These are Livestock and Dairy Development Board and Pakistan Dairy Development Company.
(3) Important public sector development projects in this regard include strengthening of livestock services (EU-PAK funded Rs1.92 billion), Prime Minister's Livestock Initiative (Rs1.7 billion for working with rural support programmes), Pakistan Dairy Development Company (Rs347 million for model dairy farms, milk marketing and research), milk collection/processing and improvement programme (Rs1.97 billion) and meat development programme (Rs1.8 billion).
(4) Artificial insemination in public sector for the last 30 years has resulted in only 10 per cent coverage of breedable animals. With acute shortage of bulls for natural breeding, the scope of artificial insemination is going to increase. This clearly shows that artificial insemination service in private sector has great scope.
(5) Specialised dairy farms in rural set-ups offer much better profitability as the fodder availability is adequate and crop by-products are cheaper and easily available. Thus setting dairy farms of at least medium size offers good investment opportunity.
(6) Currently most of bacterial vaccines are being produced in both public and private sectors. However, viral vaccines like sheep and goat pox vaccines for livestock diseases are only produced in the public sector.
(7) Seed production and sale of high yielding multi-cut fodder varieties: Availability of good quality seed of fodder crop particularly high-yielding multi-cut varieties is a major problem. In fact there are two lean seasons for fodder in the country. Fodder varieties, which ensure round the year fodder availability, are in high demand. These varieties may initially be imported but later on local seed production of such fodder varieties makes a good investment sense.
(8) Pakistan has well-developed poultry feed industry. However, the cattle feed industry is now emerging. Although there are now about 22 cattle feed production units in the country, these still cater for less than 5 per cent of the required concentrate needs.
(9) Dairy industry is mainly dependent on production of UHT milk. While the market for UHT milk is expected to expand, there is need to diversify the products.
(10) The only way to meet the demand of mutton and beef in the country locally is conversion to feed lot fattening. Previously the price of meat was low and fattening did not result in improved profit.
(11) The future growth of the poultry industry will depend upon vertical integration of different components. At broiler and layer level, the integrated poultry production units will need to go into contract farming.
(12) With improved education and income of the people, the demand for hygienically slaughtered poultry is expected to improve. With increased refrigeration facilities at the retail outlets, the storage of chilled and frozen poultry products is becoming easier. The trend of processed poultry products (chilled/frozen poultry, various cuts of meat, etc) is increasing and there are already 2 processing units of poultry. Keeping in the view the recent trend, the investment in processing units of poultry make a good investment sense.
(13) With a very large livestock population and progressing poultry industry, the demand for veterinary pharmaceuticals is very much there. In fact the total veterinary pharmaceutical market in the country exceeds 500 million rupees annually. Import bill per annum exceeds 200 million rupees.
(14) Business advisory services for livestock are completely lacking in the country. In fact this is one of the major reasons for investors shying away from this sector. Setting up livestock business advisory service centres will be a good investment for professionals.
(15) Milk is traditionally collected by "Gowallas" in the villages and brought to the collection centres of dairy plants, establishment of milk collection centres in the milk pockets with chillers offer a good investment as the quality and quantity of milk procured will be improved.
All said, Pakistan is the 5th largest producer of milk in the world. However, only 2.5 to 3.0 per cent of this milk is being processed. The obstacles in this regard are the collection of good quality milk as well as storage and delivery.
If attention is paid to this sector and effort is made, the country will hopefully be able to tap into the export potential of this commodity and go a long way in improving rural poverty.
Breeds of Livestock in Pakistan
Pakistan possesses a huge livestock wealth. According to Economic Survey (2004-05), there are about 138 million head of livestock in the country. A species-wise break-up indicates that there are: 26 million buffaloes; 24 million cattle; 25 million sheep; 57 million goats; 4.8 million equines; and 0.8 million camels. In addition, there are about 700 million poultry birds (day old chicks, layers, broilers etc.) in Pakistan.
Several breeds of almost all the farm animals mentioned above exist in the country since long. Some new breeds of buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat have been reported from certain parts of the country. Detailed studies about their characterization are underway. Hopefully, detailed information concerning such breeds would be incorporated in the next edition of this booklet.
DRAUGHT BREEDS
Heavy Draught
A. Bhagnari (Nari)
Habitat: This breed originates from the lower valley of the Nari river around Jacobabad (Sindh) and upper Nari valley in the territory of Jacobabad, extending up to Sibi (Balochistan).
Physical Characteristics: Typical animals are massive with compact and well-proportioned body and limbs. Body colour is white or grey, deepening to almost black on the neck, shoulders, and hump in mature males. They have a medium-sized head with a short, strong neck. Other characteristics include a small dewlap; small pointed ears; stumpy horns; medium-sized hump; straight back; wide, muscular, and drooping hindquarters; and black tail switch. The cows are low milk yielders. Adult males weigh 450-600 kg, while females weigh 325-425 kg. Males are suitable for heavy draught work.
B. Dajal
Habitat: These cattle come from the Dajal area in district Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab province.
Physical Characteristics: The Dajal breed is considered an offshoot of the Bhagnari breed, having similar features. However, Dajal cattle are comparatively smaller in size and lighter in colour. Cows are low yielders. Males are as good for draught work as are those of the Bhagnari breed.
MEDIUM DRAUGHT
A. Dhanni (Pothwari)
Habitat: The districts of Attock, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, and Jhelum in the province of Punjab are the hometract of Dhanni cattle. Because of their attractive body colour and proven utility, Dhanni males are very popular all over Punjab. They are also taken to other provinces of the country for ploughing and haulage.
Physical Characteristics: Dhanni cattle are medium-sized with a compact body and varying body colour: (i) predominantly white coat with black spots (Chitta Burga), (ii) predominantly black coat with white spots (Kala Burga), (iii) white mottles with brown and black patches (Nuqra), (iv) predominantly red coat with white spots (Ratta Burga). Their head and ears are small, and the horns are stumpy. The dewlap is small, hump compact, and back straight. They have a tight sheath, whip like tail ending in a white switch. Milk yield is generally low (1000-1200 litres). Adult males weigh 350-450 kg, while females weigh 270-330 kg. Males are sturdy animals having great agility. They are very suitable for medium draught work.
A. Lohani
Habitat: Lohani cattle originated in the Loralai district of Balochistan and Dera Ismail Khan district in NWFP.
Physical Characteristics: Lohani cattle are small-sized and short-statured. Body colour is red splashed with white spots. They have short thick horns, small ears, a short neck, well-developed hump, moderate dewlap, black tail switch, small tucked-up udder, and a low milk yield. An adult male weighs 300-350 kg and female 230-280 kg. Lohani cattle are very hardy and sure-footed; male stock is suitable for light work in hilly and subhilly areas. Cows produce 800-1000 litre/lactation.
B. Rojhan
Habitat: Rojhan cattle live in the Suleiman Range in the southern part of Dera Ghazi Khan district (Rojhan, Umarkot, and Somemiani) in Punjab, and parts of Dera Ismail Khan and Bannu districts in NWFP.
Physical Characteristics: Rojhan cattle are small-sized animals with a red and white spotted coat (considerable variation in spot size), tight skin, small and alert ears, small pointed horns, short neck, proportionately large hump, and extended dewlap. Their thin tail usually ends in a white switch. They have a small, tucked-up udder. Milk yield is very low. The adult male weighs 300-350 kg and the female 230-280 kg. Male stock is very suitable for draught work in hilly and subhilly areas.
DUAL-PURPOSE BREEDS
A. Kankrej
Habitat: This breed is from the districts of Tharparkar and Badin in Sindh province, extending along the Rann of Kachh to the northern part of Gujrat in India. Its smaller strain, locally named Kachhi or Wadhiari, is found in Thatta and Sanghar districts in Sindh. Some population of this breed is also found in Punjab.
Physical Characteristics: The body colour of Kankrej cattle varies from silver-grey to a darker grey. Males are darker at the shoulders, hump, and hindquarters. The forehead is broad and slightly concave in the center. The nose is slightly upturned, ears large and pendulous, and horns strong and lyre-shaped. Females weigh 350-400 kg, have a medium-sized udder, and are fairly good milk producers. Kankrej bullocks are prized as fast and powerful draught animals. The adult males weigh 500-650 kg. As both good milk producers and strong workers, Kankrej cattle serve a dual purpose.
B. Tharparkar (Thari, White Sindhi)
Habitat: The Tharparkar breed has been named after the district from which it originates. This district has large stretches of sand dunes, and adequate grazing is only available a few months after the monsoon rains (July to September). They are very well-adapted to the extreme climatic conditions and feed scarcity of their hometract.
Physical Characteristics: Thari are medium-sized animals with a long tapering face, slightly convex forehead, medium-sized horns that curve upward and outward, and large, semi-pendulous ears. They are generally light-grey, with the colour deepening on the fore- and hindquarters in males. A white stripe runs along the backbone. The tail switch is black. They have a well-developed, firm hump, medium dewlap, deep barrel, and strong legs. The udder is medium-sized and strong. Cows are fairly good milk producers. Adult males and females weigh 450-600 and 350-400 kg, respectively.
C. Achai and Gibrali
Habitat: NWFP
Physical Characteristics: Both are small to medium-sized animals. Males are used for light draught work. Cows are raised as dairy animals but they are not high yielders. Detailed studies are underway (Khan, 2005).
Pakistan-Livestock
Livestock provides the draft power available to most farmers as well as food, fuel, manure, wool, and hides. Livestock contributed about 30 percent of the value added by agriculture in FY 1993. In Balochistan raising sheep and goats on the arid rangeland is an important source of cash to a considerable part of the population, although many areas are overgrazed.
In FY 1993, the livestock population was estimated at 17.8 million cattle, 18.7 million water buffalo, 27.7 million sheep, 40.2 million goats, and 5.4 million other animals, including camels, horses, and mules. Production of animal products in FY 1993 was estimated to include 17 million tons of milk, 844,000 tons of beef, 763,000 tons of mutton, 50,500 tons of wool, and 42.6 million tons of hides and skins. Despite substantial increases in livestock production in the 1980s, the country faces shortages because of the limited amount of feed and grazing areas. In the 1980s, the government increased the size of cross-breeding programs and took other measures to increase productivity, but production still fell short of demand.
Commercial chicken farming is exceptional because production using modern methods has expanded rapidly since the 1960s. Although many farmers raise some poultry, the commercial chicken farms account for most of the increased availability of eggs and poultry. Poultry meat production increased from 14,000 tons in FY 1972 to 75,000 tons in FY 1983 and 188,000 tons in FY 1993. Egg production increased from 14 million in FY 1972 to 4.2 billion in FY 1983 and 5.4 billion in FY 1992.
| Background | The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and confidence-building measures have helped the two countries begin to work through their issues. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. | |
| Location | Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north | |
| Area(sq km) | total: 796,095 sq km land: 770,875 sq km water: 25,220 sq km | |
| Geographic coordinates | 30 00 N, 70 00 E | |
| Land boundaries(km) | total: 6,774 km border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km | |
| Coastline(km) | 1,046 km | |
| Climate | mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north | |
| Elevation extremes(m) | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m | |
| Natural resources | land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone | |
| Land use(%) | arable land: 24.44% permanent crops: 0.84% other: 74.72% (2005) | |
| Irrigated land(sq km) | 182,300 sq km (2003) | |
| Total renewable water resources(cu km) | 233.8 cu km (2003) | |
| Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) | total: 169.39 cu km/yr (2%/2%/96%) per capita: 1,072 cu m/yr (2000) | |
| Natural hazards | frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) | |
| Environment - current issues | water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification | |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation | |
| Geography - note | controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent | |
| Population | 176,242,949 (July 2009 est.) | |
| Age structure(%) | 0-14 years: 37.2% (male 33,739,547/female 31,868,065) 15-64 years: 58.6% (male 52,849,607/female 50,378,198) 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 3,475,927/female 3,931,605) (2009 est.) | |
| Median age(years) | total: 20.8 years male: 20.6 years female: 21 years (2009 est.) | |
| Population growth rate(%) | 1.947% (2009 est.) | |
| Birth rate(births/1,000 population) | 27.62 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) | |
| Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) | 7.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.) | |
| Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000 population) | -0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.) | |
| Urbanization(%) | urban population: 36% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.) | |
| Sex ratio(male(s)/female) | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.) | |
| Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) | total: 65.14 deaths/1,000 live births male: 65.24 deaths/1,000 live births female: 65.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) | |
| Life expectancy at birth(years) | total population: 64.49 years male: 63.4 years female: 65.64 years (2009 est.) | |
| Total fertility rate(children born/woman) | 3.6 children born/woman (2009 est.) | |
| Nationality | noun: Pakistani(s) adjective: Pakistani | |
| Ethnic groups(%) | Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhagirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28% | |
| Religions(%) | Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% | |
| Languages(%) | Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% | |
| Country name | conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan conventional short form: Pakistan local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan local short form: Pakistan former: West Pakistan | |
| Government type | federal republic | |
| Capital | name: Islamabad geographic coordinates: 33 42 N, 73 10 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, in 2009 - begins third Wednesday in April; ends first Sunday in November; note - a new policy of daylight saving time was initiated by the government in 2008; the specific date of the start of DST has varied over the last two years | |
| Administrative divisions | 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan | |
| Constitution | 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December 2007 | |
| Legal system | based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations | |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims | |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Asif Ali ZARDARI (since 9 September 2008) head of government: Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza GILANI (since 25 March 2008) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister elections: the president is elected by secret ballot through an Electoral College comprising the members of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies for a five-year term; election last held on 6 September 2008 (next to be held not later than 2013); note - any person who is a Muslim and not less than 45 years of age and is qualified to be elected as a member of the National Assembly can contest the presidential election; the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly; election last held on 24 March 2008 election results: Asif Ali ZARDARI elected president; ZARDARI 481 votes, SIDDIQUE 153 votes, SYED 44 votes; Syed Yousuf Raza GILANI elected prime minister; GILANI 264 votes, Pervaiz ELAHI 42 votes; several abstentions | |
| Legislative branch | bicameral parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives in the National Assembly to serve six-year terms; one half are elected every three years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members elected by popular vote; 60 seats reserved for women; 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 3 March 2009 (next to be held in March 2012); National Assembly - last held on 18 February 2008 with by-elections on 26 June 2008 (next to be held in 2013) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-Q 21, MMA 9, PML-N 7, ANP 6, MQM 6, JUI-F 4, BNP-A 2, JWP 1, NPP 1, PKMAP 1, PML-F 1, PPP 1, independents 13; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 124, PML-N 91, PML 54, MQM 25, ANP 13, MMA 7, PML-F 5, BNP-A 1, NPP 1, PPP-S 1, independents 17; note - 3 seats remain unfilled | |
| Judicial branch | Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Sharia Court | |
| Political pressure groups and leaders | other: military (most important political force); ulema (clergy); landowners; industrialists; small merchants | |
| International organization participation | ADB, ARF, C, CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | |
| Flag description | green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam | |
| Economy - overview | Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and declining exports of manufactures. Faced with untenable budgetary deficits, high inflation, and hemorrhaging foreign exchange reserves, the government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008. Between 2004-07, GDP growth in the 6-8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, despite severe electricity shortfalls. Poverty levels decreased by 10% since 2001, and Islamabad steadily raised development spending in recent years. In 2008 the fiscal deficit - a result of chronically low tax collection and increased spending - exceeded Islamabad's target of 4% of GDP. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7.7% in 2007 to 20.8% in 2008, primarily because of rising world fuel and commodity prices. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated significantly as a result of political and economic instability. | |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $431.2 billion (2008 est.) $417 billion (2007 est.) $393.4 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars | |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $164.6 billion (2008 est.) | |
| GDP - real growth rate(%) | 3.4% (2008 est.) 6% (2007 est.) 6% (2006 est.) | |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $2,500 (2008 est.) $2,500 (2007 est.) $2,400 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars | |
| GDP - composition by sector(%) | agriculture: 20.4% industry: 26.6% services: 53% (2008 est.) | |
| Labor force | 50.58 million note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2008 est.) | |
| Labor force - by occupation(%) | agriculture: 43% industry: 20.3% services: 36.6% (2005 est.) | |
| Unemployment rate(%) | 13.6% (2008 est.) 5.6% (2007 est.) note: substantial underemployment exists | |
| Population below poverty line(%) | 24% (FY05/06 est.) | |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share(%) | lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 26.5% (2005) | |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 30.6 (FY07/08) 41 (FY98/99) | |
| Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) | 20% of GDP (2008 est.) | |
| Budget | revenues: $22.3 billion expenditures: $32.35 billion (2008 est.) | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) | 20.3% (2008 est.) 7.6% (2007 est.) | |
| Stock of money | $NA (31 December 2008) $52.76 billion (31 December 2007) | |
| Stock of quasi money | $NA (31 December 2008) $18.42 billion (31 December 2007) | |
| Stock of domestic credit | $NA (31 December 2008) $65.05 billion (31 December 2007) | |
| Market value of publicly traded shares | $23.49 billion (31 December 2008) $70.26 billion (31 December 2007) $45.52 billion (31 December 2006) | |
| Economic aid - recipient | $1.666 billion (2005) | |
| Public debt(% of GDP) | 51.2% of GDP (2008 est.) 71.4% of GDP (2004 est.) | |
| Agriculture - products | cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs | |
| Industries | textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp | |
| Industrial production growth rate(%) | 4.6% (2008 est.) | |
| Current account balance | -$15.68 billion (2008 est.) -$8.297 billion (2007 est.) | |
| Exports | $21.09 billion (2008 est.) $18.12 billion (2007 est.) | |
| Exports - commodities(%) | textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs | |
| Exports - partners(%) | US 16%, UAE 11.7%, Afghanistan 8.6%, UK 4.5%, China 4.2% (2008) | |
| Imports | $38.19 billion (2008 est.) $28.76 billion (2007 est.) | |
| Imports - commodities(%) | petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea | |
| Imports - partners(%) | China 14.1%, Saudi Arabia 12%, UAE 11.2%, Kuwait 5.4%, India 4.8%, US 4.7%, Malaysia 4.1% (2008) | |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $8.903 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $15.69 billion (31 December 2007 est.) | |
| Debt - external | $46.39 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $38.8 billion (31 December 2007 est.) | |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home | $25.44 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $20.01 billion (31 December 2007 est.) | |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad | $1.017 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $982 million (31 December 2007 est.) | |
| Exchange rates | Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 70.64 (2008 est.), 60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004) | |
| Currency (code) | Pakistani rupee (PKR) | |
| Telephones - main lines in use | 4.546 million (2008) | |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 91.44 million (2009) | |
| Telephone system | general assessment: the telecommunications infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments in fixed-line and mobile networks; mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, reaching some 91 million in 2009, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; main line availability has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting main line service to rural areas domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks international: country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2009) | |
| Internet country code | .pk | |
| Internet users | 18.5 million (2008) | |
| Airports | 145 (2009) | |
| Pipelines(km) | gas 10,402 km; oil 2,076 km; refined products 792 km (2008) | |
| Roadways(km) | total: 259,197 km paved: 172,827 km (includes 711 km of expressways) unpaved: 86,370 km (2007) | |
| Ports and terminals | Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim | |
| Military branches | Army (includes National Guard), Navy (includes Marines and Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2008) | |
| Military service age and obligation(years of age) | 17-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors (2009) | |
| Manpower available for military service | males age 16-49: 42,633,765 females age 16-49: 40,114,017 (2008 est.) | |
| Manpower fit for military service | males age 16-49: 33,690,322 females age 16-49: 32,602,910 (2009 est.) | |
| Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually | male: 2,089,936 female: 1,964,090 (2009 est.) | |
| Military expenditures(% of GDP) | 3% of GDP (2007 est.) | |
| Disputes - international | various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan protests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions of their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and to stem terrorist or other illegal activities | |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | refugees (country of origin): 1,043,984 (Afghanistan) IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South Waziristan); 34,000 (October 2005 earthquake; most of those displaced returned to their home villages in the spring of 2006) (2007) | |
| Electricity - production(kWh) | 90.8 billion kWh (2007 est.) | |
| Electricity - production by source(%) | fossil fuel: 68.8% hydro: 28.2% nuclear: 3% other: 0% (2001) | |
| Electricity - consumption(kWh) | 72.2 billion kWh (2007 est.) | |
| Electricity - exports(kWh) | 0 kWh (2008 est.) | |
| Electricity - imports(kWh) | 0 kWh (2008 est.) | |
| Oil - production(bbl/day) | 61,870 bbl/day (2008 est.) | |
| Oil - consumption(bbl/day) | 383,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) | |
| Oil - exports(bbl/day) | 30,090 bbl/day (2007 est.) | |
| Oil - imports(bbl/day) | 319,500 bbl/day (2007 est.) | |
| Oil - proved reserves(bbl) | 339 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.) | |
| Natural gas - production(cu m) | 37.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) | |
| Natural gas - consumption(cu m) | 37.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) | |
| Natural gas - exports(cu m) | 0 cu m (2008) | |
| Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) | 885.3 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) | |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) | 0.1% (2007 est.) | |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 96,000 (2007 est.) | |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | 5,100 (2007 est.) | |
| Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009) | |
| Literacy(%) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 49.9% male: 63% female: 36% (2005 est.) | |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)(years) | total: 7 years male: 7 years female: 6 years (2006) | |
| Education expenditures(% of GDP) | 2.6% of GDP (2006) |
MILK TECH ASIA (Milk & Dairy Technology)
Investment Opportunities in Milk Sector of Pakistan
ESTABLISHMENT OF MILK COLLECTION & CHILLING CENTRES & DARY PROCESSINGPakistan is the 5th largest producer of milk in the world. However only 3.0 % is being processed. The major obstacle in this regard is collection of good quality milk. Establishment of milk collection centres in the milk pockets with chillers offers a good investment as the quality and quantity of milk procured will be improved. Dairy industry in Pakistan is mainly dependent on production of UHT milk. While market for UHT milk is expected to expand, there is need to diversify the products. Diversified dairy products may include pasteurized milk, flavored milk, milk with various fat levels, condensed milk, milk powder and various flavored and fat percentage yogurts.
INTEGRATED POULTRY PRODUCTION & PROESSING Poultry industry has made significant progress for the last 20-25 years with annual growth rate of 10 to 15 %. However, the growth of the industry has resulted in disjointed units within the industry. The future growth of poultry industry will depend upon vertical integration of different components including environmentally controlled houses for broilers and layers and processing and value addition like ready to cook products.
THE INTEREST OF FOREIGN INVESTORS TO MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IS GROWINGDespite the fact that in the sector the production is mainly carried out in small family size enterprises, investments in milk and dairy products have increased as well as the number of integrated premises. The very low level of milk and dairy products in our country compared to developed countries has increased the interest to foreign investors in this sector.
THE MORE PRODUCT DIVERSITY INCREASES, THE MORE NEED FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES BOOSTSOver recent years, producers have started to launch new and specialized products on the market in order to increase consumption. Traditional products such as yogurt, cream, and traditional cheeses are processed with modern procedures. Furthermore, dairy products such as fruit yogurts, mozzarella cheese, commonly consumed in western countries are now widely available in our country. The demand for special and advanced technologies are increasing day by day in order to meet such a product diversity.
A MERCILESS COMPETITION IN THE ICE CREAM MARKETThe ice cream production is mainly carried out by companies with foreign capital but as the market is not yet saturated, local companies are also speeding up their investments.
MILK MACHINERY REQUIRED BY THE INDUSTRYOnly partial amount of the total production of milk in Pakistan is packaged and large quantity of milk is sold still openly, there is a huge gap between demand and supply of the packages milk and milk products. The country is looking forward for mechanization and industrial up-gradation in this industry sector.
ESTABLISHMENT OF MILK COLLECTION & CHILLING CENTRES & DARY PROCESSINGPakistan is the 5th largest producer of milk in the world. However only 3.0 % is being processed. The major obstacle in this regard is collection of good quality milk. Establishment of milk collection centres in the milk pockets with chillers offers a good investment as the quality and quantity of milk procured will be improved. Dairy industry in Pakistan is mainly dependent on production of UHT milk. While market for UHT milk is expected to expand, there is need to diversify the products. Diversified dairy products may include pasteurized milk, flavored milk, milk with various fat levels, condensed milk, milk powder and various flavored and fat percentage yogurts.
INTEGRATED POULTRY PRODUCTION & PROESSING Poultry industry has made significant progress for the last 20-25 years with annual growth rate of 10 to 15 %. However, the growth of the industry has resulted in disjointed units within the industry. The future growth of poultry industry will depend upon vertical integration of different components including environmentally controlled houses for broilers and layers and processing and value addition like ready to cook products.
THE INTEREST OF FOREIGN INVESTORS TO MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IS GROWINGDespite the fact that in the sector the production is mainly carried out in small family size enterprises, investments in milk and dairy products have increased as well as the number of integrated premises. The very low level of milk and dairy products in our country compared to developed countries has increased the interest to foreign investors in this sector.
THE MORE PRODUCT DIVERSITY INCREASES, THE MORE NEED FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES BOOSTSOver recent years, producers have started to launch new and specialized products on the market in order to increase consumption. Traditional products such as yogurt, cream, and traditional cheeses are processed with modern procedures. Furthermore, dairy products such as fruit yogurts, mozzarella cheese, commonly consumed in western countries are now widely available in our country. The demand for special and advanced technologies are increasing day by day in order to meet such a product diversity.
A MERCILESS COMPETITION IN THE ICE CREAM MARKETThe ice cream production is mainly carried out by companies with foreign capital but as the market is not yet saturated, local companies are also speeding up their investments.
MILK MACHINERY REQUIRED BY THE INDUSTRYOnly partial amount of the total production of milk in Pakistan is packaged and large quantity of milk is sold still openly, there is a huge gap between demand and supply of the packages milk and milk products. The country is looking forward for mechanization and industrial up-gradation in this industry sector.
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